ESRJ

Identification of secondary metabolites from Alternaria spp. In Afghanistan

2024-12-30T10:21:40+00:00

Secondary metabolites of fungi have low molecular weight which play a significant role in agriculture during pre- and post-harvest stages. Alternaria is one of the fungi that produce toxins and have a major impact on plant pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to find secondary metabolites from Alternaria fungi on tomato plants. In this study, Alternaria spp. was isolated from tomato fields in the Jalriz district of Maidan Wardak province, Afghanistan. After isolation and purification, the fungus was cultured on wheat seeds to stimulate secondary metabolite production. Following 21 days of cultivation, ethyl acetate was employed to extract the secondary metabolites, which were subsequently dissolved in N-hexane and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirteen chemical compounds, including Tetradecane 2,6,10-trimethyl, Heptadecane 2,6,10,15 tetramethyl, Heptacosane, Docosane, Heneicosane, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Phenol 2,4-bis(1,1 dimethylethyl) phosphite (3:1), Cardamonin bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) ether, N-Hexadecanoic acid, 1-Hexadecanol 2-methyl, Squalene, Eicosane, and 3-(Benzylthio) acrylic acid, methyl ester. All the identified compounds from Alternaria exhibit varying effects on plants at different stages of their life cycle.

بررسی تأثیر تاریخ‌های مختلف کشت بالای خصوصیات اگرانومیکی بکویت

2024-11-29T18:24:04+00:00

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is an annual broadleaf plant from the Polygonaceae family. Its seeds are used as a nutritional and medicinal product. The nutritional value of this plant is more than real grains and it is an excellent source of high-quality protein. This research aimed to find the most suitable planting date for the growth and development of buckwheat in the climatic conditions of Kabul. This research was conducted in the research farm of Agriculture faculty of Kabul University in 2021. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in this research, and 100m² area was allocated to accomplish this research.The size of each plot was 4m². Five planting dates were selected as treatments, i.e. April 21, May 6, May 21, June 5 and June 20. The results of this research showed that the different planting dates with different distances had a significant effect on plant height, numbers of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and branch numbers. So that the highest numbers of leaves (99.3) per plant) belonged to the third planting date and the lowest numbers of leaf (54.0 leaves per plant were produced on June 20^th. Also, the tallest plant 85.0 cm was obtained from 21 of June and the shortest height 50.0 cm from 20^th of June as well. According to the obtained results, the maximum leaf length 7.16 cm produced on May 21^th and the minimum 5.50 cm on April 21^th and June 20^th. Likewise, the May 21^th with the broad leaf 5.94 cm was obtained from first row of April 21^th and 4.8 cm in the last row of the same date. Different planting dates performed a significant effect on the number of branches. So that on the date of the third and four 28.4 and 27.6 branches were produced on May 21^th and on June 5^th, respectively, which was significantly superior than the others. Based on the results, the suitable planting date of buckwheat in the climatic conditions of Kabul is from April 30 to June 9.

آزمایش ۹ ورایتی گندم اصلاح شده و رایج افغانستان در مقابل تنش خشکی

2024-12-30T10:07:49+00:00

The growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is significantly influenced by specific climatic conditions, particularly in semi-arid regions like Afghanistan. In these areas, insufficient rainfall and sudden temperature increases during the grain-filling period are critical factors that adversely affect wheat growth and development. These climatic phenomena lead to drought stress, prompting the need for research into chemical and molecular responses of wheat varieties to enhance breeding programs.To investigate this, selected wheat varieties were cultivated in a laboratory germinator and in pots outdoors using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experimental setup included three treatments: normal conditions, first drought stress, and second drought stress. Key indicators assessed included germination percentage, radicle length, coleoptile length, and stomatal conductance. Results indicated minimal differences in stomatal conditions between the varieties Nasrat-20 and Diorm-10, while Solh-20 and Derakhshan exhibited the most significant differences. The highest germination rates were recorded for Solh-20 and Lalmi-3. Additionally, the variety Sheshambagh demonstrated the longest radicle length, whereas Kohdasht had the longest coleoptile. Based on these findings, the varieties Salakh-20, Lalmi-3, Bagh, and Kohdasht showed superior performance across the assessed indicators.These results underscore the importance of selecting appropriate wheat varieties that can withstand drought conditions, which is vital for improving wheat production in Afghanistan's challenging climate.

Evaluation of Ozone and Sodium Metabisulfite Treatment on postharvest grapes quality and Rhizopus Disease control

2024-10-12T02:46:26+00:00

Table grapes are important fruit crops subjected to fungal decay during harvesting, post-harvest handling, and storage. An investigation was made on the in-vitro evaluation of ozone (O₃) and Sodium metabisulfite (SMB) against radial growth of R. stolonifer by fumigation and food poisoning techniques, respectively. In another experiment, in-vivo evaluation of O₃ fumigation at various concentrations and SMB at different doses were tested against Rhizopus rot in table grapes under cold storage. The results revealed that O₃ at 8833.2 µl L^-1 and SMB at 90 mg /100ml PDA significantly inhibited radial growth of R. stolonifer by 94.82%, and 98.14 %. Disease severity was zero in both O₃ and SMB treated fruits but it was 0.89 DS in inoculated control, O₃ at 7274.4 µL L^-1showed significantly better retention of berry firmness (85.09N) and ascorbic acid (3.90 mg/100 g) and least TSS (18.68 N), and PLW (7.49) and also scored highest sensory overall acceptability (8.04). SMB powder 0.5g among SMB treated fruits following O₃ showed appreciative results. In addition, SMB treatments showed significantly highest L*and b* values highest compared to ozone, and recorded the least colour a* value. Hence, ozone is a good alternative to SO₂ treatments in conventional grape production and it could be a suitable technology to control Rhizopus rot and maintain the quality parameters of grapes in cold storage.

P,E Production and Economic Analysis of Onion in Kabul Province

2024-12-05T07:31:51+00:00

Onion is widely grown in Afghanistan; it plays a fundamental role in agriculture sector. The main purpose of the research was to study the production and economic analysis of onion and to investigate the problems of onion producers. The data was obtained using random sampling techniques from a sample of 180 onion producers through a farm survey in four districts of Kabul province. Descriptive statistical tools and Likert Scale were used for the analysis. The results revealed that, on an average, 1084 sire (1 sire = 7 kg) onion is produced per Jerib (1 j= 0.2 ha.) The average price of onion received by farmers was 75 Afg per sire. The average total gross income, production cost and net income were 81300, 39219 and 42081 Afg, respectively per Jerib of onion. Production costs were land rent (22%), land preparation through tractor (3.5%), onion seed (9.6%), fertilizers (42.2%), irrigation cost (2.9%), chemical (4.9%), and wages (14.3%). Main problems of onion growers were noted as weak economic status of farmers, lack of cold storage, market problems, inadequate access to certified seed, water, high quality fertilizers.

Efficacy of various herbicides on yield and growth of wheat

2024-12-30T10:15:13+00:00

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food crop globally, providing essential nutrients and energy for billions of people. Its cultivation is challenged by various weeds that compete for resources, leading to reduced yields and lower quality grains. Effective weed management is crucial for maximizing wheat production, and herbicides play a significant role in this process. Therefore the objective of this research is to find the most effective herbicide Studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of various post emergence herbicides on weeds in wheat crop at Agricultural faculty farm, Kabul University under irrigated conditions, during 2020-21. chemical control of weeds was hypothesized to be the best solution for wheat’s weeds and for this purpose, a field study was carried out to evaluate the relative efficacy of various post-emergence herbicides viz. 2,4-D @ 1.0 L ha^-1, MCPA+2,4-D @ 1.0 L ha^-1, Buctril-super 60 EC (Bromoxynil + MCPA) @ 0.750 L ha^-1, Atlantis 3.6 WG (Mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron) @ 0.7 Kg ha^-1 and Starane-M (fluroxypyr +MCPA) @ 0.750 L ha^-1 for controlling weeds in wheat. The results of field experiment clearly showed that the plots treated with Buctril-super, 2,4-D, MCPA+2,4-D, Starane-M, Atlantis and hand weeding produced a higher number of tillers, plant height, spike length, and biological yield when compared with other treatments. The highest biological yield (10.611 t. ha^-1) and grain yield (4.812 t. ha^-1) were recorded in plots treated with Buctril-super compared to other applied herbicides. Therefore, Buctril-super is recommended for best control of broad-leaved weeds and taking an economical yield of wheat.