ESRJ

Sustainable Pulse Production Through the Use of Bio-Fertilizers- A review

Kazem Nikzad — 2024-04-15

An essential component of the Indian cuisine are pulses. Farmers employ a lot of artificial inorganic fertilizers to maximize yields in pulse crops, which can increase yields but degrade soil health. The most common cause of low output was found to be a shortage of fertilizer or water. Because they help with the fixation of nutrients from the atmosphere, bio-fertilizers are advantageous for the production of pulse crops. In an attempt to get the pulse crop closer to organic farming and achieve sustainable growth, numerous initiatives have been undertaken to replace chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers. India has been engaged in ceaseless attempts and battles to switch from chemical fertilizers to biofertilizers since the late 1800s. This demonstrates how several helpful microorganisms are used in agricultural practices. Bio-fertilizers can be used as a seed treatment or directly applied to the soil. Rhizobium strains, cyanobacteria, phosphate-soluble bacteria, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza, and other beneficial microorganism fertilizers are examples of bio-fertilizers that can help with nutrient intake, nodule development, and the mineralization process, which converts unavailable nutrients into readily assimilated nutrients. In order to increase growth and production, bio-fertilizers typically have a symbiotic relationship with the host plant.

مگس‌های سفید و روش‌های ممکنه کنترول آن‌ها

Mohammad Hamid Osmankhil — 2024-04-03

Whiteflies cause lots of damage to field crops, vegetables and trees. More than 300 species of plants are reported as host for this pest. Out of its known species, the greenhouse whitefly and the sweet potato whitefly, cause the most damage to agricultural products in greenhouses and open fields. The giant whitefly has spread in neighboring countries and is still not reported from Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, the silver whitefly or pumpkin silver leave whitefly is not well studied and it has not been identified. Whiteflies are widely distributed all over the world. In Afghanistan, it has been reported from open fields and greenhouses in all provinces. Adult and nymph of whiteflies cause direct damage due to excessive feeding of sap from the phloem of the host plant. When the pest population is three adult individuals in one leaf or 0.5 nymph of the last age in 7.6 square centimeters of plant leaves, the plants shall be treated with insecticides. the cultural control of this pest include the elimination of weeds, crop rotation, use of mulch, and the cultivation of tall plants around the host plant. The use of parasitic bees and pathogenic fungi controls the pest and the use of neem, steveot, and volck oils with cypermethrin controls about 90 percent of the pest.

ارزیابی کشت نسج شش نوع سمارق محلی افغانستان و تهیه جرم پلازم آن‌ها

Sayeed Qadir Danishiar — 2024-04-15

Mushrooms are the Fungus produce fruiting bodies that often grow above ground or in the soil and are completely different from the group of animals, plants and bacteria and is lack of chlorophyll. Excellent sources of fiber, vitamins, minerals, lectins, essential oils, and protein (containing all essential amino acids) can be found in it. Cultivation, Evaluation, and Preparation of the Germplasm for Local Edible Mushroom Species in Afghanistan is the mean objective of this project. In this investigation 6 different types of Mushroom from different provinces, including Qaraqazni, Kolamark, Ganoderma, Sadafi wardak, Dakmayai and Sadafi panjshir collected. The collected samples were cultured on PDA inside the Petri dish. Then the grown spores were transferred to wheat grains to produce spawn. As a result, some of them had good growth, some of them had moderate growth, and some others had poor growth. Therefore, among these six varieties, Sadafi-e-wardak, Dogmayi, Qaraqozni had better growth and Ganoderma, Sadafi-e-panjshir had average growth and Kalemark variety had the lowest growth.

در ولایت هرات (Coliform Bacteria) بررسی میزان آلودگی زعفران به بکتری‌ یای کولی فورم

Basir Ahmad Rahimi — 2024-04-15

Saffron is known as a strategic plant in the economic perspective of Herat province, which is one of the most important saffron production areas in Afghanistan. Microbial contamination in saffron is considered as a major challenge to the export of this valuable plant abroad, including European countries. The aim of this research is to study the contamination of saffron with coliform bacteria in Herat province. A total of 100 samples of dried saffron were collected from processors and farmers across Herat city (31 samples), Ghorian, Pashtun Zarghoon and Gherzeh districts (30, 21 and 19 samples, respectively). The samples were transferred to the food technology laboratory inside sterilized plastic bags (to prevent secondary contamination). The results showed that the saffron samples from Pashtun-Zarghun district had the highest microbial contamination with an average contamination of 2.67 log per gram of saffron (2.67 log₁₀CFU/g), while the saffron samples from processors companies in Herat city showed the lowest average of microbial contamination (0.23 log₁₀CFU/g). The saffron samples collected from Ghorian and Gozereh districts were ranked second and third in terms of contamination respectively (2.05 log₁₀CFU/g and 1.85 log₁₀CFU/g). According to the recommendations of the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF), contamination less than 10⁴ or (<4log₁₀cfu/g) is acceptable. Therefore, with the exception of one sample of saffron from Gozereh district, which was above the standard limit (4.08log₁₀cfu/g), other samples were below the ICMSF standard limit (<4log₁₀cfu/g).

(Crocus sativus) مروری بر متابولیت‌های ثانویه زعفران

Mohammad Mehdi Samim — 2024-04-15

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive agricultural products in the world, which, having many secondary metabolites, is one of the oldest medicinal plants and currently has many uses in addition to medicine. Crocin, safranal and picrocrocin are among the most valuable compounds of saffron. These compounds are stored in a small amount in the cell and can be produced at a certain stage of the plant's life cycle, and their amount is often low (less than one percent of dry weight), while primary metabolites are produced in all cells. The reason secondary metabolites are valuable and expensive depends on their extraction and purification. The purpose of presenting this review article is to introduce secondary metabolites, factors affecting these metabolites, and to determine the best condition and storage conditions for saffron, for the durability of these compounds. Various factors affect the decrease and increase of secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties of this plant.

(Brivicoryne brassicaae) مطالعه تاثیر مقایسو‌‌‌ی حشر‌ه‌کش‌های کیمیاوی‌ و ‌نباتی برای تنظیم شپشک کرم

Mohammad Salim Rahimi — 2024-03-31

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata) is one of the famous vegetables which is also cultivated in Afghanistan. Many pests have attacked the cabbage plant, of which the cabbage aphid is the most famous and causes huge damage. The cabbage aphid that feeds on the cell saps of the cabbage, causes twisting, swelling, burns and crookedness in the cabbage and most of the time it causes the death of plant. Based on this principle, a decision was made to carry out a research entitled (Comparative efficacy of different chemical and botanical insecticides for management of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae). The aforementioned research was carried out in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Kabul University in the form of a randomized completely block design(RCBD), which included three replications and six treatments, included treatments of chemicals (Cypermethrin, Confidor and Sevin), botanical insecticides (neem powder, tobacco decoction) and control. The results of statistical analysis by using Statistix 9 software showed that, there was no significant difference between replications but there was significant difference between treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that Confidor insecticide had the greatest effect, followed by Cypermethrin and Sevin, respectively, which played an important role in reducing the cabbage aphids. In the same way, powdered neem and tobacco decoction had the least effect on the mortality of cabbage aphids.

په افغانستان کې د کرنیزو کاروبارونو پیژندنه او اهمیت

Khal Mohammad Ahmadzyi — 2024-04-15

Agribusiness is the process of achieving desired results in agriculture sector with the given resources. A key to successful agribusiness management is accepting responsibility for leadership and making business decisions through the skillful application of management principles. Management of agribusiness is unique due to biological nature of production, the seasonality of food and agricultural markets, the significance of food to people, and the perishability of agricultural products. The management functions are implemented through the use of a variety of skills, principles and tools that help developing agribusiness manager’s knowledge and ability. To be successful, the agribusiness manager must be able to carry out the five tasks for each of the four basic functions of the agribusiness; that is, marketing and selling, production and operations, financial management and planning, and management of human resources. The management process is often divided into five tasks: planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning is determining a course of action to accomplish stated goals: organizing is fitting resources and people together in the most valuable way; staffing is the function of management committed to hiring, training, appraising, and benefiting employees; directing pertains to motivating and supervising people and controlling function monitors performance and makes adjustments if needed.

(Grapholita funebrana) مطالعه مناسب ترین شیوه کنترول برای شب پرک میوه آلو

Sakhidad Saleem — 2024-04-03

Plum fruit moth Grapholita funebrana Tr. It has names such as plum worm, red plum worm, which has many hosts including peaches, apricots, apples and walnut. It exists in most regions of our country and is considered one of the important pests of plum trees, especially in Kohdaman area. Also, this pest exists in most countries of the world, including Asian, European, American and British countries, and it causes serious damage to plum fruit. The larvae of this pest, like the apple core-eating worm, get inside the fruit and feed on its flesh. Decayed fruits soon rot and become inedible. This moth is active at sunset and spends the whole day motionless on the crown of trees, and the moth activity starts before sunset and nightfall and feeds. The use of optical traps, field inspection, as well as many methods to control the pest population are used as basic tools for successful control of the IPM program. In IPM programs, chemical pesticides are applied only after the presence of the pest in the same area is detected by the monitoring system, and the number of pests exceeds the economic threshold, and non-chemical methods are still unable to control the pest.

Preliminary Evaluation of Promising Sweet Corn Hybrid

Ghulam Rasoul Samadi — 2024-04-15

Sweet corn is a popular vegetable known for its sweet, juicy kernels and nutrition value. This experiment was conducted to analysis the growth, yield and sugar content of different hybrid varieties of sweet corn. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD), 23 hybrid varieties and one check (24 treatments) with two replications. This experiment was conducted in Thailand from December, 8^th, 2005 to February, 24^th, 2006. There are several hybrid varieties of sweetcorn available that offer improved traits such as disease resistance, high yields, and enhanced flavor. Among the 23 hybrids and check tested for their yield, sweetness and horticultural characteristics, check (hybrid) has high yield with sugary enhanced. Among hybrids, SYX 6014 line has high marketable yield with sugary enhanced. Based on sweetness among 24 hybrids, SYX 6009, SYX 6016 and SYX 6025 are super sweet hybrids.

ستراتیژی تنظیم مایکوتوکسین¬ها در مواد غذایی

Gul Mohammad Ajir — 2024-04-02

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds produced by pathogenic fungi that have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops that result in illnesses and economic losses through the food chain. The worldwide contamination of foods, fruits, vegetables, beverages, and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem. From all mycotoxins, many of them like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids are the mycotoxins of greatest agro-economic importance. Factors influencing the presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs include environmental conditions related to storage that or other external factors such as climate or internal factors such as fungal strain specificity, strain variability, and instability of toxigenic properties. Mycotoxins have various acute and chronic effects on humans and animals. Since mycotoxin causes significant economic losses in trade, and also hazardous to human and animal health in our country, therefore in this article the findings of different researchers into mycotoxins in major commercial food crops including cereals and fruits and their derivatives have been discussed. Likewise, various possible controlling measures of mycotoxin in foodstuffs in Afghanistan have been also discussed and analyzed.

بررسی نقش سرسبزی در کاهش آلودگی هوا

Khalid Stanikzai — 2024-04-15

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental hazards in the world, which causes an increase in many diseases (mainly heart and respiratory) and premature death. Several measures have been implemented to reduce the harmful effects of air pollution on human health. Greenness causes physical, mental, psychological, and social benefits, and the green environment as one of the developed indicators of urban societies is considered a criterion for improving the quality of life.

برمصرف غذا و وزن گرفتن چوچه مرغ‌های گوشتی (Cinnamon cassica) تاثیر تغذیه پودر دارچین

Abdul Ghafoor Moradi — 2024-04-15

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding cinnamon powder on feed intake and weight gain of broiler chicks in the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty of Kabul University. 48 one-day-old broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 42.28 grams were used in a completely randomized design (CRD). Birds were caged in four groups and three replications. Groups included in this experiment were the 1^st group( control) or G1 ( 0% cinnamon), 2^nd group or G2 ( 2% cinnamon), the 3^rd group or G3 ( 3% cinnamon) and the 4^th group or G4 (4% cinnamon). The birds were fed two times a day (the morning and evening). According to statistical analysis, there was a significant difference between groups in feed intake and weight gain. According to the LSD test, it was shown that the G4 group with 4% cinnamon powder had the highest feed intake compared to other groups. According to the LSD test, it was shown that the G4 had the highest weight gain compared to other groups. This is concluded that in comparison with the control group and other supplemented groups, the G4 group had the highest consumption of DM and weight gain.

د خاورې پر خواصو د نوبتي کرنې اغېزې

Ahmad Yar Ahmadi — 2024-04-15

In order to produce sustainable and quality agricultural products that do not cause problems to the environment, crop rotation among the agronomic practices is to improve the soil properties. In this paper, the benefits and effects of crop rotation on soil properties and improvement are studied. Adherence to agricultural crop rotation in agricultural fields has a positive role in the maintenance and recycling of elements for plants by improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. By following the crop rotation in the fields, the stability of soil aggregates increases, soil pH is improved, the amount of organic matter increases and the bulk density of the soil decreases. In addition, with the application of crop rotation, the residue of various plants remain in the soil, which is considered to be of special value in terms of the number and diversity of microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary for farmers to consider crop rotation in their lands in order to achieve high and sustainable yields.

مطالعۀ تولید کچالو در ولایت میدان وردک

Miraqa Hussain Khail — 2024-04-15

Potato is one of the major crops grown in the country. Approximately, 53 thousand ha of land is under potato cultivation producing around 900 thousand metric tons of potatoes annually. The main objective of this research is to study the economy of potato production and to investigate the problems of potato producers. The data was obtained using random sampling techniques from a sample of 240 potato producers through a farm survey in six districts of Maidan Wardag province. Descriptive statistical tools and Likert Scale were used for the analysis. The study reveals that, on an average, 605 sire (1 sire = 7 kg) potato is produced per Jerib (1 j= 0.2 ha.) The average price of potato received by farmers was 133 Afn per sire. The average total gross income, production cost and net income were 80674, 41040 and 39634 Afn, respectively per Jerib of potato. Major grown potato varieties in the study area were Sure (red potato), Spine (white potato) and Shin Guli (green flower potato) covered 93% of the total cultivate area of potatoes. Production costs were land rent (19.5%), land preparation through tractor (3.1%), potato seed (22.9%), fertilizers (28.7%), irrigation cost (3.2%), chemical (0.9%), and wages (21.7%). Main problems of potato growers were noted as weak economic status of farmers, inadequate access to certified seed, tools, high quality fertilizers, loan, problems in selling products, and lack of attention of extension workers.

بررسی تأثیر مقایسوی حشره‌کش‌های کیمیاوی، نباتی و میکروبی بالای حشره تریپس پیاز

Mohammad Hussain Falahzadah — 2024-04-15

Several pests attack the onion plant, but onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) is considered one of the very important. The onion thrips is a polyphagous insect that is widespread on all continents and is recognized as a harmful economic pest of fields and greenhouse crops all around the world. Since onion thrips is one of the most important pests, therefore in this research applied chemical insecticide, botanical insecticide and insect entomopathogenic fungi for the management of onion thrips. In the present study two concentrations of Confidor (1cc/li and 1.5 cc/li), two concentrations of Datura (100% and 75%), and two concentrations of entomopathogenic fungi (10⁸ and 10⁷ conidia/mL) in RCBD-Factorial design were applied. The results of this research indicated that there was no significant difference between the treatments of Datura and the entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliea) and Confidor had a significant difference with Datura and the entomopathogenic fungi. In the same way there was no significant difference between the concentrations of Confeder and Datura, and there was a significant difference between the concentrations of the used entomopathogenic fungi. After statistical analysis of data, it was recognized that Confidor caused 97 percent, entomopathogenic fungi 47 percent and Datura 44 percent mortality.