Main Article Content
Abstract (in English)
Forests are essential for biodiversity, climate regulation, and ecosystem services. However, anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, agriculture, grazing, and changes in species composition have altered forest stand structures, leading to biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and reduced ecosystem resilience. This narrative review synthesizes the literature to examine the impacts of human activities on forest dynamics and ecosystem resilience, highlighting the role of stand structural complexity in mitigating these effects. National assessments in Afghanistan reveal significant land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes, with declines in forest cover, grasslands, and water bodies. The review also identifies research gaps, including limited field data and the underrepresentation of socio-economic factors. Future research should incorporate long-term monitoring, standardized methods, and advanced technologies to strengthen conservation strategies. The study emphasizes adaptive forest management, including reforestation, selective species management, and agroforestry, as essential approaches to maintaining ecosystem resilience under ongoing human pressures.