Main Article Content
Abstract (in English)
This article deals with the cold stress as one of the main limiting factors for the growth and geographical distribution of plants, focusing on the physiological and genetic mechanisms that plants have evolved to tolerate low temperatures. These mechanisms include changes in metabolic pathways, gene expression, and cellular structures. To achieve these objectives, a narrative review method was employed, which provides a comprehensive understanding of the topic by collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing findings from previous researches. The key findings of this study address the genetic and physiological adaptations related to cold tolerance and emphasize genes such as CBF and COR which play a significant role in activating cold response pathways and protecting cellular structures. The ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway is identified as a crucial regulatory network in these adaptations, influenced by epigenetic changes, hormonal signaling, and factors like light and circadian rhythms. In addition, signaling mechanisms involving calcium (Ca²⁺), protein kinases, and transcription factors contribute to improving plant resistance to cold. These findings highlight the critical role of genetic and signaling networks in plant cold tolerance, offering valuable insights for crop improvement. Leveraging these mechanisms through breeding and biotechnology could enhance agricultural resilience to climate change.