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Abstract (in English)
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a high-value spice traditionally cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions. With the increasing demand for this premium product, innovations in cultivation methods are vital for enhancing production efficiency and sustainability. This paper reviews innovative approaches to saffron farming, focusing on controlled-environment cultivation techniques such as hydroponics and aeroponics, as well as advanced irrigation, breeding, and mechanization methods that address water scarcity, soil limitations, and productivity. A narrative review methodology was employed to systematically collect, summarize, and synthesize findings from existing research, providing a comprehensive overview of technological advancements in saffron production. Controlled environmental systems, including hydroponics and aeroponics, offer promising solutions for enhancing saffron yield and quality. Advanced irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation and customized scheduling, improve water use efficiency. Techniques like in vitro cultivation, forced flowering, and nonconventional breeding enhance year-round production and plant resilience. The adoption of organic and smart farming practices further promotes sustainability and efficiency. Mechanization has streamlined saffron harvesting, thereby reducing labour costs and improved profitability. The integration of advanced cultivation techniques, irrigation management, and mechanization is transforming saffron production. These innovations, along with sustainable practices, hold significant potential to address the challenges of water scarcity and soil limitations, ensuring future improvements in saffron farming. Further research is needed to optimize these methods for large-scale adoption.